Test prep plus 2020 book you can look down below for different places where you can go ahead and order it during this we are going to go over unit 4 science chapter 3 earth and space science lessons 1 through 5. we will be starting on page 538. lesson one structure of earth
Structure of Earth’s Compositions Consist
Lesson one structure of earth what is earth well earth is the planet we are living on earth can be described as an almost spherical shape which is flattened at the poles the north and the south pole and bulging at the equator earth’s compositions consist of three layers the crust the mantle and the core think of it like a birthday cake you have the icing the cake itself and then the filling well the earth’s layers are just like that the earth’s topmost layer is the crust the crust is composed of granite bay salt gabriel and
other types of rocks the crust can be found 3 to 6.8 miles under the oceans and 12 to 40 miles below the continent below the crust
is the mantle the mantle is made up of silica and metal rich minerals and way below the crust and the mantle is the core the core is made up of two sub-levels the outer core and the inner core the outer core is made up of liquid iron and the inner core is made up of solid iron so one of the main characteristics of the core it’s it extreme heat and pressure let’s move on to the theory of the plate tectonics remember a theory is a system of ideas that is intended to explain facts or events so now let’s talk about this theory the theory states that the earth sits on these plates that fit together kind of like a puzzle
and throughout time they move apart so these plates are called tectonic plates and they make up the crust of the earth according to geologists the tectonic plates move yearly at a rate of 6 inches per year that’s incredible the plates are moving and we can barely feel it at the boundaries or margins of these tectonic plates is where volcanoes mountain regions ocean trenches and mid ocean ridges form so there are three types of plate margins let’s start with the first one a constructive margin so a constructive margin is defined by two plates that spread apart however between these plates, edgenuity earth and space science answers
a new plate forms from the mantle layer that rises from below the crust this phenomenon usually happens at a mid-ocean range or mid-ocean ridge a great example of a constructive margin is the mid-atlantic ridge where a new crust is forming causing the sleeve the seafloor to spread and grow by about two inches per year that is incredible the second type of margin is a destructive margin a destructive margin occurs when two plates are colliding with each other and the crust becomes destroyed when a continental plate and an oceanic plate collide the denser oceanic crust is forced under the other plate and ultimately form a trench plate
when a continental plate collides with another continental plate the crust crumples together forming mountain ranges like the andes finally the third margin is called transform or conservative margin at a conservative conservative margin two plates slide
with one another there is no new crust made or destroyed which is good a great example is the san andreas fault in california the san andreas fault is the boundary between the north american plate and the pacific plate so whenever the san andreas fault moves northwest an earthquake is created so far we have learned about the earth’s layers and the tectonic plates and how they affect
the composition of earth based on this information geologists for many years have sustained a theory how the continents came to be geologists believe that the continents were all sitting on one tectonic plate which is referred to the pangea continent when the plates began to move the continents spread slowly to where they are today this happened within the time span of approximately 250 million years with the plates shifting yearly i wonder where are we going to end up in another 250 million years now that we have finished our first lesson let’s go to practice one found on page 539, edgenuity earth and space science answers
Questions
So for practice one we are going to complete questions one and six so using the text on page 538 answer questions one and six take a few minutes to answer them and when you’re ready to review them together just go ahead and click and click play let’s go ahead and get started with question one what does the theory of plate tectonics explain a changes in earth’s crust changes in earth’s mantle changes in the composition of earth’s layers why there is an extreme heat and pressure in earth’s core so right away we know that b c and d are talking about the earth’s layers which is the crust the mantle in the core so we know that that has nothing to do at this time with the plate tectonics
the plate tectonics they explain the changes in the earth’s crust therefore the answer is a now let’s look at six which of the following is a theory rather than a fact a the san andreas fault is the boundary between the north american and pacific plates b a single large land mass called pangaea existed about 250 million years ago see the earth’s crust is composed of rocks like granite bay salt and gabbro and d earth earthquakes often occur along tectonic plate boundaries so we already know for a fact that a c and d are correct and they are actually a fact because you can definitely prove
it however with option b we can’t really prove that that that pangaea actually existed about 250 million ago this is just a theory that scientists have based on what they know today therefore the answer is b at this time pause the video complete practice questions two through five and click play when you are ready to continue let’s move on to lesson two earth’s resources
Earth’s Resources Can Be Classified Into Two Categories Renewable
The earth offers a variety of resources to all living organisms a resource is anything that is needed to survive humans need food water and oxygen in order to survive among other things some of earth’s natural resources including air and air is involved in respiration climate and weather water is another natural resource water is used for drinking cooking bathing agricultural farms and some industrial processes did you know that less than three percent of the world’s water is fresh water minerals is also an important resource they are an inorganic substance
they make up the rocks these rocks or minerals have an immense amount of uses such as talking power uranium foil rods and diamond drill bits or diamonds we all know what diamonds are energy is another resource that can’t go unmentioned energy includes fossil fuels flowing water solar wind and geothermal inner energy and last but not least we have soil yes soil is a natural resource soil is an essential earth resource as it is composed of disintegrated rock organic matter and living organisms solid soil is used for the growth of vegetation both wild and agricultural resources can be classified into two categories renewable and non-renewable
let’s start with non-renewable resources non-renewable resources is just what its name says it is a resource that once it is used up there is no more they are in limited supply these resources may take millions of years to form and when they are used up they are not able to recreate themselves a great example of a non-renewable resource is fossil fuels fossil fuels which includes peat coal natural gas and oil are non-renewable resources these non-renewable resources formed from decaying plant remains fossil fuels are our own main source of energy for heating transportation and generating electricity soil and minerals are also examples of non-renewable resources
a renewable resource is a resource that is able to regenerate itself or be made again in other words that is an unlimited supply of it a great example of a renewable resource is solar energy because it is energy that is generated from the sun we know that the sun will always be there and won’t go away another example of a renewable resource includes water power water power of flowing rivers tidal and wave power from the movement of ocean water wind power from the movement of air and geothermal power from the heat in the earth’s crust all of these renewable resources have another thing in common they are all used as an alternative source of energy
to generate electricity as human beings we are always looking for alternative resources to power our homes vehicles and every other new gadget that is invented due to overwhelming usage consumption and pollution earth’s resources are being destroyed and harmed it is believed that the human population has already used between one tenth and one quarter of the world’s supply of oil which is a non-renewable resource soil has also been overused between agriculture and erosion water is polluted by sewage industrial waste and agricultural and urban runoff air is polluted by fossil fuel emissions and its ozone layer
is depleted by the release of compounds called chlorofluorocarbons or cfcs in the atmosphere the ozone layer is a thin layer that protects the earth from uv rays and radiations that are emitted from the sun with the release of cfcs the ozone layer is slowly deteriorating giving way to those pesky ub rays entering our atmosphere in order to protect the earth we need to develop new ways to conserve its natural resources conservation is any action that is taken to preserve natural resources and protect the natural environment it involves a variety of things such as building more efficient combustion engines reduced
to reduce gasoline consumptions for example the tesla runs on electricity instead of gasoline using catalytic converters to reduce the harmful emissions of energy using agricultural methods that protect the soil building water treatment and sewage treatment plants safely disposing of radioactive waste and cleaning up sites that are heavily polluted by industry or human population
such as oceans and creeks you can start preserving our natural resources by recycling at home you can recycle glass plastics and metal waste if we all put our part in order to conserve the natural resources of our earth we can make sure that the earth lasts us for another 250 million years now let’s move on to practice 2 found on page 541
Questions
For practice 2 we’re going to complete questions 1 and 2 using the graph provided so take a few minutes to complete those questions and once you’re ready to review them together just go ahead and click play for questions one and two remember to use the graph that was provided which is world petroleum consumption between 2003 and 2011. let’s start with question one approximately how many quadrillion btus of petroleum were consumed in 2011. so btus stands for british thermal units so first let’s look for 2011on the x-axis which is the year on the far right side
then we find the line that measures petroleum consumption until we meet with the line graph which is right there once we have located the on the graph line we find the corresponding value with the y axis in this case it’s the measurement of btus based on the graph we can see that in 2011 there were approximately 177 british thermal units that were consumed therefore our answer is d let’s answer question 2 between its low point in 2003 and its high point in 2011 the approximate range of the data regarding world petroleum consumption was blank quadrillion btus in order to find the range we would need the total consumption btus for this car for the corresponding years that the question is asking in this case it was 2003 and 2011.
we already know that in 2011 there were 177 btus btus consumed based on the previous question now we need to find the number of btus that were consumed in 2003 based on the graph it looks like it was 163 btus now that we have both measurements we subtract them from each other which yields a total of 14 btus therefore the approximate range of the data regarding world petroleum consumption was 14 quadrillion btus at this time pause the video complete practice questions 3 through 6 and click play when you are ready to continue let’s move on to lesson three weather and climate
The Weather of Climate
Lesson three weather and climate when we hear weather and climate we sometimes think it’s probably the same thing right well it’s not weather is the condition of our planet’s atmosphere and it is constantly changing whether weather can be described as hot cold rainy snowy and climate is the average long-term weather conditions in a region for example let’s look at phoenix’s weather it changes day to day well sometimes especially during monsoon season the mornings can be sunny but as the day progresses we can sometimes see rain let’s say this happens five times during the month and the remainder 25 days were all sunny in this case we can say that the climate long-term weather condition in a region not a day by day change
these daily weather patterns are caused by the movements of air masses or large bodies of air these air masses have a similar temperature humidity and pressure the edge or the boundary where more than one air mass meets is called the front you have a cold front and a cold front usually occurs when cold air takes over and destroys a warm air mass we also have a warm front and this happens when warm air rises over the cold air mass last but not least we have an occluded front and this occurs when a cold front catches up with a warm front and the systems become
one a primary characteristic of a front includes clouds and precipitation where did these changes come from well weather and climate ultimately arise from the uneven heating heating of the earth the sun’s rays tend to fall directly at the equator which is the middle of the earth than they do at the north or south poles the result of this uneven heating causes global wind circulation patterns so what does that mean well for one it means that the warm air in the equator rises creating an area of low pressure and moves towards the poles also the colder at the pole sinks creating an area of high pressure and moving towards
the equator which is the result of prevailing winds in both the northern and southern hemisphere another culprit for weather and climate change is ocean currents ocean currents are caused by the variations of density of the water warm water is less dense than cold water the ocean current helps carry the heat from the equator to the poles people who study short and long-term weather patterns and collect data for particular regions are called meteorologists meteorologists are stationed at meteorological stations around the world
with one common goal to collect weather data they collect temperature readings cloud cover and wind speeds not only are they analyzing data they are collecting but also data that is collected through satellite and radar this data is then used to analyze any future storm systems using the data from years past to predict whether current weather conditions or storm systems that are coming such as hurricanes tornadoes blizzards and floods for example if a hurricane was heading to land meteorologists would be able to predict the time frame it would take to reach land and therefore they would issue a warning providing people with sufficient time to prepare now that we finish with our lesson let’s focus on practice 3 found on page 543 at this time pause the video to answer practice 3 questions 3 and four